According to Matt Ridley, what drives the emergence of new cultural ideas?

The emergence of new cultural ideas, as described by Matt Ridley, is significantly driven by what he terms "the habit of exchange." This concept emphasizes the importance of interaction, communication, and collaboration among individuals, which leads to the sharing and mixing of diverse ideas. Ridley argues that when people engage in various forms of exchange—be it trade, conversation, or the sharing of knowledge—they stimulate creativity and innovation. This social dynamic is crucial in fostering an environment where new concepts can emerge and be developed.

In contrast, the other options suggest alternatives that do not capture the same essence of collaborative creativity. The individualistic approach emphasizes personal achievement and innovation in isolation, while national education systems may standardize learning without fostering the necessary exchange of ideas. Lastly, a linear approach to knowledge implies a solitary path of learning and development, missing the collaborative interplay that Ridley highlights as vital to cultural evolution. Thus, the habit of exchange stands out as the primary driver behind the development of new cultural ideas, as it nurtures diverse interactions that spark creativity.